The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) plays an important role in rice production for national food security and international trade but it is considered as the most vulnerable region to climate change. This study aims at analyzing current rice cropping systems and rice development in the last decade (2010-2020) using statistical data from 13 provinces and 3 field visits to different ecological zones (upper, middle and coastal areas) in the VMD. The results show that rice cropping systems vary places to places depending on the interaction between nature and human system, especially irrigation development. Most cases, the annual growth rates of planted area, production and yield tend to increase in the period of 2010-2015 and decline in the period of 2016-2020. The analysis also indicates that rice production falls down deeply in heavy drought and salinity intrusion years of 2016 and 2020. Under climate change context, sea level rise and development of upstream Mekong countries, the risk will increase, particularly in the coastal areas. Therefore, agricultural transformation towards nature based approach (i.e. from mono rice cropping to integrated riceshrimp farming system) is a good way for future of agriculture in the VMD. This experience can be valuable for other deltas in the globe.