This study aims at providing a more specific insight into the determining of earnings and earning differentials of those who ogrinated from the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam (called MRD migrants) and also local workers by using the survey data from some urban destinations in the Southern cities. In examining the earnings, empirical models such as standard Mincer and expanded Mincer equations were applied to test the human capital theory that relates to the crucial role of human capital in improving individual’s earnings. In addition, several important variables including gender, employment, and migration status were also incorporated in the expanded Mincer equation in order to control ability bias among individuals that may influence the earnings. The estimated results demonstrate that education and job experience are two key factors that not only contribute positively to an improvement of living standard for general laborers, but also explain inequality in earnings among groups of laborers on the labor market.