Accreditation at program level has become an important requirement in the continuous process of quality assurance of education programs in Vietnamese higher education. Not only would the success of self-assessment of a program be likely to ensure a satisfactory external assessment result, but also significantly benefit the program itself for quality improvement. This study was conducted as a qualitative research aiming to identify the factors that would affect the self-assessment process that has been carried out at Can Tho University, a public multidisciplinary university in Vietnam. The findings showed that the factor of "Human resource and Collaboration" was the most vital factor which outweighed the other factors of "Leadership and Monitoring", and "Instructions and Awareness" contributing to a successful accomplishment of program self-assessment. Based on the pros and cons, five groups of recommendations have been made, suggesting solutions to enhance the effectiveness of the self-assessment process at the university.