The main work of the chapter is to review the national water exploitation projects, focusing on hydropower projects, irrigation schemes, and agreements on water governance in the Mekong River, as well as the water-related impacts and issues in the local and transboundary areas. The possibility of applying may be water diplomacy solutions for the problem of exploitation of the Mekong River in the relationship of water-food and energy nexus as well as in the context of climate change.