Agricultural economics is a matter of special significance for Vietnam because it is not only the main economic activity of the country but also the key of Vietnamese politics over the history. So, an overview of agricultural economic activities in Vietnam in general and in the Mekong River Delta in particular in the first half of the 19th century through the methods of exploitation and verification is required from the sources of ancient documents and records of the Nguyen Dynasty have scientific significance and profound practical value. The research results will contribute to the re-enactment of the agricultural economic picture of the Mekong Delta with specific features and at the same time contribute to clarifying the socio-economic situation of this land in the historical process nation. On that basis, the research content also summarizes practical lessons is to serve the research and solve the problem of agricultural economic management in accordance with the regional socio-economic development orientation current plain.