The study uses data from 344 rural households from the 2014 and 2018 Vietnam
Household Living Standard Survey and the propensity score matching method combined with the difference in difference method (PSM-DID) to determine the impact of saltwater intrusion in the dry season of 2015–2016 on the livelihood outcomes of rural households in the Mekong Delta. Two years after the impact of saltwater intrusion, the average income from agriculture and crop of the affected group decreased more than that of the unaffected group. However, the research results also show that for households that are regularly affected by saltwater intrusion, although the average total income of affected households has decreased more than that of nonaffected households, the impacts of saltwater intrusion on agriculture and crop production are not significant. Then, the author suggests some policies to reduce the loss of livelihood for households in saltwater intrusion areas.