The Law on ―The Plowers have land‖ (also known as Law 003/70) is the content of the land reform program promulgated by President Nguyen Van Thieu of the Republic of Vietnam on March 26, 1970. This is an important content in the study of modern Vietnamese history. The implementation of Law 003/70 has had a strong impact on the socio-economic conditions of the Mekong Delta. In terms of land ownership, this Law has made a fundamental change in the confirmation of land ownership for farmers, thereby forming many middle-income farmers in rural areas. From the economic point of view, the process of certifying and transferring ownership rights to the means of production of farmers has created a motivation for the strong development of agricultural production activities. At the same time, it is the process of capitalizing with the landlord class from a rental economy to a commodity economy concentrated in urban areas. This has created the exchange of goods between urban and rural areas. In social terms, this Law both affects the ownership of the means of production in agricultural areas and promotes the penetration of the capitalist economy into the countryside, which has created a great transformation of middle-class farmers in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam from 1970 to 1975. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of the Law on "The Plowers have land" on the socio-economic conditions in the Mekong Delta under the Republic of Vietnam regime from 1970 to 1975. This research result not only contributes to the socio-economic history of the Mekong Delta, but also provides a reference source for history research and teaching activities at Can Tho University.