This chapter examines the relationship between economic growth, poverty, and inequality. Economic growth, even at high rates, does not automatically translate into increased income for the poor, and thus its association with poverty and inequality varies widely across countries. Using the experiences of Vietnam as a case study, this analysis focuses on the Government’s ‘growth with equity’ strategy that aims for high growth rates and proportional increases in income for the poor. This chapter finds that the growth was generally pro-poor for the 2012-2016 period. It highlights the extent to which National Pro-poor Targeted Programs (NTPs) are effective in the pursuit of equitable growth. The study concludes with a discussion of the challenges for the twin goals of achieving high economic growth and reducing poverty and inequality in the foreseeable future.