In the first half of the 19th century, the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam was an important strategic area for agriculture, because it fully converged with favorable conditions for nature and people. Accordingly, the Nguyen Dynasty enacted many different policies to manage and administer agricultural cultivations and production activities of the whole country in general and the Mekong Delta in particular. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of agricultural policies enacted by the Nguyen Dynasty on the economic and social activities of the Mekong Delta. Through the research results not only contribute to clarify the transformation process of this Mekong Delta in the first half of the 19th century, but also summarize many historical lessons of practical scientific value and reference for the development and international integration of the Mekong Delta nowaday.