South of Vietnam plays an important role in agricultural production. Accordingly, during the 20 years (1955 - 1975), the government of the Republic of Vietnam implemented many different policies on science and technology, in order to improve agricultural production and improve the quality of agricultural products of the Southern Vietnam. The purpose of this article is to analyze the agricultural science and technology policies in South Vietnam implemented by the government of the Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. The research results contribute to changing the view of contemporary Vietnamese society on the policies of the government of the Republic of Vietnam in the construction and development of agricultural economy in South Vietnam in the second half of the twentieth century. In addition, this research result is a useful reference source for the task of scientific research on modern Vietnamese history at Can Tho University.