Although fibers are used only infrequently as an additive in concrete in the construction industry, fiber-enhanced concrete is known to provide a wide range of advantages over conventional concrete. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influences of fiber type and content on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) designed using a novel densified mixture design algorithm with fly ash and rice husk ash. Three types of fiber, including polypropylene (PP) fiber, steel fiber (SF), and hybrid fiber (HF), were considered. Based on the results, the inclusion of fibers decreased HPFRC flowability, regardless of fiber type. Although the compressive strength of HPFRC with 1.6% PP fiber content was 11.2% below that of the reference HPFRC specimen at 91 d of curing age, the 91-d compressive strengths of both SF and HF-enhanced HPFRC specimens were significantly better than that of the reference HPFRC specimen. Furthermore, the HPFRC specimens incorporating SF and HF both exhibited better splitting tensile and flexural strengths as well as less drying shrinkage than the HPFRC specimens incorporating PP fiber. However, the fiber-enhanced specimens, especially those with added SF, registered less surface electrical resistivity and greater vulnerability to chloride ion penetration than the reference HPFRC specimen.