Periophthalmodon schlosseri is a species of goby and which is considered to be a commercial fish, yet little data on its population structure is known, especially in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) where the fish is caught increasingly as a food source. This study, therefore, was conducted to document its population biological parameters. Specimens were caught monthly, from July 2017 to June 2019 using traps and hands along the muddy flats and the mangroves of the forest regions. The length-frequency analysis of 920 individuals, of which 497 were females and 423 males, shows that the von Bertalanffy growth curve of this fish was Lt=29.4(1-e-0.95[t+0.19]) and six fish groups were determined. The average length at first capture was 16.0 cm, and the exploitation rate was 0.580. Its longevity and growth performance are 3.16 yr in and 2.91, respectively. The mortality rates of the fish population, including natural mortality, fishing mortality, and total mortality inferred from length-converted catch curve, were 1.81 yr-1, 2.62 yr-1, and 4.43 yr-1, respectively. The values Emax = 0.715, E0.1 = 0.609 and E50 = 0.380 are obtained from yield and biomass per recruit analysis. With a high growth rate of 0.95 yr-1, the species is a potential aquaculture candidate. The goby stock is overfished since its exploitation rate was higher than E50. For sustainable exploitation, fish caught should be over 16 cm in total length.