Nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacterial diversity and population dynamics in the Acrisol and Ferrasol rhizosphere of sugarcane grown in Dong Nai province, the eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Soil rhizosphere samples were taken in three districts (sites) of this region. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples and total nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria counts were determined by drop plate count method together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (27F and 1492R). A total of 31 isolates were isolated on two media (Burk’s N-free and NBRIP) and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis. Population of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria correlated with N total concentration and organic matter content in soil closely (PBeta-Proteobacteria, 1 was Acidobacteria and 2 were Bacteroides. Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Bacilli group had the highest theta value and Theta values (persequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Bacilli group had the highest values in comparison to three groups. From these results showed that two strains (Bacillus megaterium B6 (Ferrasols) and Sphingomonas sp. P14 (Acrisols)) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants adapted to poor soils and sugarcane tree because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable.